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1 performance
1) характеристики, рабочие характеристики; эксплуатационные показатели; качество обработки2) работа; действие4) эффективность; производительность; отдача•- air-fuel performance
- altitude performance
- altitude-velocity performance
- belt performance
- bench performance
- best performance
- brake performance
- cavitation performance of pump
- cell schedule performance
- cell/operator performance
- chatter performance
- command performance
- control performance
- cutting performance
- dynamic performance
- engine performance
- engineering performance
- engineering-and-economical performance
- error-free performance
- estimated performance
- fault-free performance
- flexible performance
- laser operational performance
- LMFC performance
- long-term performance of machines
- machining performance
- metal removal performance
- metrological performance
- oil-pump performance
- operating performance of pump
- operating performance
- optimum performance
- output performance
- process performance
- production performance
- reference performance
- regulating performance
- robot performance
- second operation performance
- self-suction performance
- servo performance
- size cutting performance
- starting performance
- static performance
- sustained performance
- system performance
- task performance
- throttle performance
- throughput performance
- transient performance
- trial performance
- velocity performance
- vendor performance
- wheel performanceEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > performance
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2 performance
2) производительность; эффективность3) выполнение ( операции); исполнение•- automatic performance
- end-user performance
- enhanced performance
- estimated performance
- high performance
- micropower performance
- network performance
- overall performance
- peak performance
- recall performance
- robust performance
- statistical performance
- sustained mode performance
- system performance
- timing performances
- top performance
- transient performanceEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > performance
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3 SPS
1) Общая лексика: СПС (The Moscow Times (Союз правых сил)), Standard Procurement System (U.S. Department of Defense)2) Компьютерная техника: Sensor Port Signal conditioning, Serial Peripheral System, Speed Pad System, Superscript, satellite-power system, standart position service3) Медицина: spontaneous pressure support (ИВЛ), Scheduled Procedure Step, Single Parameter Score, single-port surgery4) Спорт: Speed Pure Speed5) Военный термин: Scratch Pad Store, Self Preservation System, Software Product Specification, Special PSYOP Study, Supplemental Programs and Services, System Performance Simulation, secondary power system, security police squadron, self-protection system, signal processing system, spares, special service, special-purpose system6) Техника: Shuttle primary software, Special Purpose Synthetic, Structural Panel Systems, safety protection subsystem, samples-per-second, secondary plant system, shotpoint seismometer, source-point seismometer, spectrum planning subcommittee, speech processor set, spotpoint seismometer, standard project storm, submerged production system, super proton synchrotron, supplementary protection system, surface photovoltage spectroscopy7) Математика: полупроницаемая поверхность (semipermeable surface)8) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company9) Юридический термин: Self Preservation Society10) Экономика: санитарные и фитосанитарные меры (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO))11) Автомобильный термин: service programming system12) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Syndrome13) Металлургия: sticking prevention system14) Музыка: Synthetic Percussion Sequencer15) Оптика: solar power satellite16) Сокращение: Designation for Soviet airborne jammer facility, Seconds per Scan, Self-Protection Subsystem, Simplified Processing Station, Solar Powered Satellite, Standard Positioning Service (GPS), Standard Positioning Service, Statistical Programs Specialist, special services17) Университет: The Society Of Physics Students19) Физиология: Small Polyp Stony20) Электроника: Surface Preparation System, Switching Power Supply21) Вычислительная техника: String Processing System, Symbolic Programming System, standby power supply, Solar Power Satellite (Space), Secure Payment System, Sharepoint Portal Server22) Нефть: satellite well production system, shot point seismometer, subsea production system, подводная система эксплуатации скважин (submerged production system), сейсмоприёмник вертикального времени (shotpoint seismometer)23) Микробиология: sodium polyanetholesulfonate (полианетолсульфонат натрия)24) Космонавтика: Shuttle Pallet Satellite25) Картография: salt pans station26) Транспорт: Shock Protection System, Specific Pavement Studies, Sport Production Special, Street Performance And Styling, Super Power Stock, System Performance Simulator27) Фирменный знак: Specialized Pharmacy Services, Stop Pet Shops, Superior Pool Structures28) Деловая лексика: Scaleable Platform Solution, Solutions Projects And Services, Strategic Products And Services, Sustained Performance System29) Сетевые технологии: Series Parallel Star, standby power system30) Солнечная энергия: спектроскопия поверхностного напряжения31) Сахалин Р: Surface Process Shutdown32) Химическое оружие: secondary power distribution system, site piping system33) Макаров: solar power system34) Расширение файла: OS/2 Database, SPSS language source code file, Secure Packet Shield, Sprint Screen driver35) Нефть и газ: Наземная Насосная Система (Surface Pumpming System), (subsea production system) подводный добычной комплекс36) Электротехника: single phase switching, solar power station, supplementary power supply37) Правительство: State Park Service38) Аэропорты: Wichita Falls, Texas USA39) НАСА: Solar Power Satellites, Symbols per second40) Единицы измерений: Shots Per Second41) AMEX. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Company -
4 Sps
1) Общая лексика: СПС (The Moscow Times (Союз правых сил)), Standard Procurement System (U.S. Department of Defense)2) Компьютерная техника: Sensor Port Signal conditioning, Serial Peripheral System, Speed Pad System, Superscript, satellite-power system, standart position service3) Медицина: spontaneous pressure support (ИВЛ), Scheduled Procedure Step, Single Parameter Score, single-port surgery4) Спорт: Speed Pure Speed5) Военный термин: Scratch Pad Store, Self Preservation System, Software Product Specification, Special PSYOP Study, Supplemental Programs and Services, System Performance Simulation, secondary power system, security police squadron, self-protection system, signal processing system, spares, special service, special-purpose system6) Техника: Shuttle primary software, Special Purpose Synthetic, Structural Panel Systems, safety protection subsystem, samples-per-second, secondary plant system, shotpoint seismometer, source-point seismometer, spectrum planning subcommittee, speech processor set, spotpoint seismometer, standard project storm, submerged production system, super proton synchrotron, supplementary protection system, surface photovoltage spectroscopy7) Математика: полупроницаемая поверхность (semipermeable surface)8) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company9) Юридический термин: Self Preservation Society10) Экономика: санитарные и фитосанитарные меры (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO))11) Автомобильный термин: service programming system12) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Syndrome13) Металлургия: sticking prevention system14) Музыка: Synthetic Percussion Sequencer15) Оптика: solar power satellite16) Сокращение: Designation for Soviet airborne jammer facility, Seconds per Scan, Self-Protection Subsystem, Simplified Processing Station, Solar Powered Satellite, Standard Positioning Service (GPS), Standard Positioning Service, Statistical Programs Specialist, special services17) Университет: The Society Of Physics Students19) Физиология: Small Polyp Stony20) Электроника: Surface Preparation System, Switching Power Supply21) Вычислительная техника: String Processing System, Symbolic Programming System, standby power supply, Solar Power Satellite (Space), Secure Payment System, Sharepoint Portal Server22) Нефть: satellite well production system, shot point seismometer, subsea production system, подводная система эксплуатации скважин (submerged production system), сейсмоприёмник вертикального времени (shotpoint seismometer)23) Микробиология: sodium polyanetholesulfonate (полианетолсульфонат натрия)24) Космонавтика: Shuttle Pallet Satellite25) Картография: salt pans station26) Транспорт: Shock Protection System, Specific Pavement Studies, Sport Production Special, Street Performance And Styling, Super Power Stock, System Performance Simulator27) Фирменный знак: Specialized Pharmacy Services, Stop Pet Shops, Superior Pool Structures28) Деловая лексика: Scaleable Platform Solution, Solutions Projects And Services, Strategic Products And Services, Sustained Performance System29) Сетевые технологии: Series Parallel Star, standby power system30) Солнечная энергия: спектроскопия поверхностного напряжения31) Сахалин Р: Surface Process Shutdown32) Химическое оружие: secondary power distribution system, site piping system33) Макаров: solar power system34) Расширение файла: OS/2 Database, SPSS language source code file, Secure Packet Shield, Sprint Screen driver35) Нефть и газ: Наземная Насосная Система (Surface Pumpming System), (subsea production system) подводный добычной комплекс36) Электротехника: single phase switching, solar power station, supplementary power supply37) Правительство: State Park Service38) Аэропорты: Wichita Falls, Texas USA39) НАСА: Solar Power Satellites, Symbols per second40) Единицы измерений: Shots Per Second41) AMEX. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Company -
5 sps
1) Общая лексика: СПС (The Moscow Times (Союз правых сил)), Standard Procurement System (U.S. Department of Defense)2) Компьютерная техника: Sensor Port Signal conditioning, Serial Peripheral System, Speed Pad System, Superscript, satellite-power system, standart position service3) Медицина: spontaneous pressure support (ИВЛ), Scheduled Procedure Step, Single Parameter Score, single-port surgery4) Спорт: Speed Pure Speed5) Военный термин: Scratch Pad Store, Self Preservation System, Software Product Specification, Special PSYOP Study, Supplemental Programs and Services, System Performance Simulation, secondary power system, security police squadron, self-protection system, signal processing system, spares, special service, special-purpose system6) Техника: Shuttle primary software, Special Purpose Synthetic, Structural Panel Systems, safety protection subsystem, samples-per-second, secondary plant system, shotpoint seismometer, source-point seismometer, spectrum planning subcommittee, speech processor set, spotpoint seismometer, standard project storm, submerged production system, super proton synchrotron, supplementary protection system, surface photovoltage spectroscopy7) Математика: полупроницаемая поверхность (semipermeable surface)8) Железнодорожный термин: Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Company9) Юридический термин: Self Preservation Society10) Экономика: санитарные и фитосанитарные меры (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO))11) Автомобильный термин: service programming system12) Грубое выражение: Small Penis Syndrome13) Металлургия: sticking prevention system14) Музыка: Synthetic Percussion Sequencer15) Оптика: solar power satellite16) Сокращение: Designation for Soviet airborne jammer facility, Seconds per Scan, Self-Protection Subsystem, Simplified Processing Station, Solar Powered Satellite, Standard Positioning Service (GPS), Standard Positioning Service, Statistical Programs Specialist, special services17) Университет: The Society Of Physics Students19) Физиология: Small Polyp Stony20) Электроника: Surface Preparation System, Switching Power Supply21) Вычислительная техника: String Processing System, Symbolic Programming System, standby power supply, Solar Power Satellite (Space), Secure Payment System, Sharepoint Portal Server22) Нефть: satellite well production system, shot point seismometer, subsea production system, подводная система эксплуатации скважин (submerged production system), сейсмоприёмник вертикального времени (shotpoint seismometer)23) Микробиология: sodium polyanetholesulfonate (полианетолсульфонат натрия)24) Космонавтика: Shuttle Pallet Satellite25) Картография: salt pans station26) Транспорт: Shock Protection System, Specific Pavement Studies, Sport Production Special, Street Performance And Styling, Super Power Stock, System Performance Simulator27) Фирменный знак: Specialized Pharmacy Services, Stop Pet Shops, Superior Pool Structures28) Деловая лексика: Scaleable Platform Solution, Solutions Projects And Services, Strategic Products And Services, Sustained Performance System29) Сетевые технологии: Series Parallel Star, standby power system30) Солнечная энергия: спектроскопия поверхностного напряжения31) Сахалин Р: Surface Process Shutdown32) Химическое оружие: secondary power distribution system, site piping system33) Макаров: solar power system34) Расширение файла: OS/2 Database, SPSS language source code file, Secure Packet Shield, Sprint Screen driver35) Нефть и газ: Наземная Насосная Система (Surface Pumpming System), (subsea production system) подводный добычной комплекс36) Электротехника: single phase switching, solar power station, supplementary power supply37) Правительство: State Park Service38) Аэропорты: Wichita Falls, Texas USA39) НАСА: Solar Power Satellites, Symbols per second40) Единицы измерений: Shots Per Second41) AMEX. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Company -
6 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
7 failure
1. авария; повреждение; неисправность; отказ в работе3. разрушение; обрушение; обвал; оседание; сползание
* * *
2. разрушение; аварияto accelerate the failure — ускорять появление отказа;
to carry failure to — 1. приводить к отказу; 2. доводить до разрушения (при испытаниях)
to catch a failure — обнаруживать отказ;
to cause to failure — 1. приводить к отказу; 2. доводить до разрушения (при испытаниях);
to discard upon failure — браковать при появлении отказа;
to recover from failure — устранять неисправность;
* * *
1. авария, повреждение; отказ ( оборудования), выход из строя2. обрушение, оседание ( пород); сползание
* * *
1) отказ (); выход из строя; повреждение; поломка; неисправность, несрабатывание; сбой2) разрушение; авария3) обрушение; обвал ( породы)•failure after preventive maintenance — отказ после профилактического технического обслуживания;
failure before replacement — отказ () накануне замены;
failure by bursting from internal pressure — разрушение ( колонны труб) от разрыва под действием внутреннего давления;
failure by collapse from external pressure — разрушение ( колонны труб) от разрыва под действием внешнего давления;
failure in tension — разрушение при растяжении;
failure in use — отказ при эксплуатации, эксплуатационный отказ;
failure requiring overhaul — поломка, требующая капитального ремонта;
failures per million hours — отказов за миллион часов работы;
to accelerate the failure — ускорять появление отказа;
to catch a failure — обнаруживать отказ;
to discard upon failure — браковать при появлении отказа;
to recover from failure — устранять неисправность;
to repair a failure — устранять неисправность;
- failure of hose connectionfailure under tension — разрушение ( колонны труб) от растяжения;
- failure of normal category
- failure of performance
- abnormal test failure
- abnormally early failure
- active failure
- actual failure
- additional failure
- adolescent failure
- aging failure
- allowable failure
- anomalous failure
- anticipated failure
- apparent failure
- artificial failure
- assignable cause failure
- associated failure
- associative failure
- assumed failure
- avoidable failure
- basic failure
- bench-test failure
- bending failure
- bond failure
- breakdown failure
- break-in failure
- brittle failure
- burn-in failure
- casing failure
- catastrophic failure
- cause undetermined failure
- chance failure
- combined failure
- commanded failure
- common-cause failure
- compensating failure
- complete failure
- component failure
- component-compensating failure
- component-dependent failure
- component-independent failure
- component-partial failure
- compression failure
- conditional failure
- conditionally detectable failure
- consequential failure
- contributory failure
- corollary failure
- critical failure
- damage failure
- degradation failure
- dependent failure
- depot-repair-type failure
- derrick failure
- design-deficiency failure
- design-error failure
- destruction failure
- destructive failure
- deterioration failure
- disabling failure
- disastrous failure
- distortion failure
- dominant failure
- dominating failure
- dormant failure
- double failure
- downhole failure
- drill string failure
- drilling-bit failure
- dynamic failure
- earliest failure
- early-life failure
- embryonic failure
- emergency failure
- end failure
- endurance failure
- engine failure
- environmental failure
- equipment failure
- essential failure
- eventual failure
- exogenous failure
- explicit failure
- exponential failure
- externally-caused failure
- fabrication failure
- fatal failure
- fatigue failure
- fictitious failure
- field failure
- field-test failure
- foolish failure
- forced failure
- fracture failure
- functional failure
- generic failure
- gradual failure
- gross failure
- handling failure
- hard failure
- hazardous failure
- hidden failure
- human-initiated failure
- human-involved failure
- immature failure
- immediate failure
- imminent failure
- impact compressive failure
- impending failure
- implicit failure
- inadvertent failure
- incipient failure
- independent failure
- induced failure
- infancy failure
- initial failure
- inoperative failure
- in-service failure
- insignificant failure
- inspection failure
- instability failure
- intermittent failure
- internal failure
- intervening failure
- in-the-field failure
- intrinsic failure
- in-warranty failure
- irreversible failure
- last-thread failure
- late failure
- latent failure
- life failure
- local failure
- low-limit failure
- maintenance failure
- major failure
- malfunction failure
- marginal failure
- mechanical failure
- minor failure
- mishandling failure
- misuse failure
- monotone failure
- most remote failure
- multiunit failure
- near failure
- nonbasic failure
- noncatastrophic failure
- noncritical failure
- nondetectable failure
- nonfatal failure
- nonfunctional failure
- nonrandom failure
- nonreliability failure
- nonrepairable failure
- observed failure
- obsolete parts failure
- oncoming failure
- operating failures
- operational failure
- operative failure
- operator-induced failure
- ordinary failure
- out-of-tolerance failure
- overload failure
- overstress failure
- parallel failures
- parametric failure
- part failure
- partial failure
- partially depreciating failure
- passive failure
- pattern failures
- permanent failure
- persistent failure
- potential failure
- predictable failure
- premature failure
- primary failure
- progressive failure
- projected failure
- qualification failure
- random failure
- real failure
- recoverable failure
- recurrent failures
- redundant failure
- relevant failure
- reliability-type failure
- repairable failure
- repeatable failure
- repeated stress failure
- residual failure
- revealed failure
- reversal failure
- reversible failure
- rock failure
- rock compression failure
- rock plastic failure
- rogue failure
- running-in failure
- seal failure
- secondary failure
- self-avoiding failure
- self-correcting failure
- self-healing failure
- self-induced failure
- self-repairing failure
- service failure
- shear failure
- single failure
- single-point failure
- solid failure
- specification deficiency failure
- spontaneous failure
- stable failure
- stage-by-stage failure
- stochastic failure
- stress failure
- stuck-closed failure
- subsequent failure
- subsidiary failure
- sucker-rod string failure
- sudden failure
- superficial failure
- surface failure
- suspected failure
- sustained failure
- systematic failure
- technical failure
- technological failure
- temporary failure
- tensile failure
- test failure
- test-induced failure
- test-produced failure
- thread failure
- threshold failure
- time-limit failure
- time to first system failure
- top failure
- torque failure
- torsion failure
- total failure
- traceable failure
- transient failure
- trap failure
- trap sealing failure
- triple failure
- true failure
- unannounced failure
- unassigned failure
- unavoidable failure
- undetected failure
- unexpected failure
- unexplained failure
- unpredictable failure
- unrecoverable failure
- unrevealed failure
- unsafe failure
- unstable failure
- verified failure
- volatile failure
- wearout failure* * *• дефект• обвал• отказ -
8 capability
способность; возможность; производительность, мощность1-hour «turn-around» capability — возможность осуществления одночасового цикла разгрузки, загрузки и обслуживания самолёта (с момента посадки до взлета)
all-weather weapons delivery capability — способность доставки оружия (к цели) в любых метеорологических условиях
capability of on/off operation — ркт. способность к повторному запуску (двигателя)
hydraulic system rate capability — обеспечиваемая гидросистемой угловая скорость перемещения (напр. руля)
look down — shoot down capability — способность атаковать самолёт сверху с задней полусферы
sustained Mach 2.3 capability — способность совершать установившийся полет с числом М-2,3
zero altitude (escape) capability — возможность покидания (самолёта) с земли [с нулевой высоты]
-
9 Chapelon, André
[br]b. 26 October 1892 Saint-Paul-en-Cornillon, Loire, Franced. 29 June 1978 Paris, France[br]French locomotive engineer who developed high-performance steam locomotives.[br]Chapelon's technical education at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, was interrupted by extended military service during the First World War. From experience of observing artillery from the basket of a captive balloon, he developed a method of artillery fire control which was more accurate than that in use and which was adopted by the French army.In 1925 he joined the motive-power and rolling-stock department of the Paris-Orléans Railway under Chief Mechanical Engineer Maurice Lacoin and was given the task of improving the performance of its main-line 4–6–2 locomotives, most of them compounds. He had already made an intensive study of steam locomotive design and in 1926 introduced his Kylchap exhaust system, based in part on the earlier work of the Finnish engineer Kyläla. Chapelon improved the entrainment of the hot gases in the smokebox by the exhaust steam and so minimized back pressure in the cylinders, increasing the power of a locomotive substantially. He also greatly increased the cross-sectional area of steam passages, used poppet valves instead of piston valves and increased superheating of steam. PO (Paris-Orléans) 4–6–2s rebuilt on these principles from 1929 onwards proved able to haul 800-ton trains, in place of the previous 500-ton trains, and to do so to accelerated schedules with reduced coal consumption. Commencing in 1932, some were converted, at the time of rebuilding, into 4–8–0s to increase adhesive weight for hauling heavy trains over the steeply graded Paris-Toulouse line.Chapelon's principles were quickly adopted on other French railways and elsewhere.H.N. Gresley was particularly influenced by them. After formation of the French National Railways (SNCF) in 1938, Chapelon produced in 1941 a prototype rebuilt PO 2–10–0 freight locomotive as a six-cylinder compound, with four low-pressure cylinders to maximize expansive use of steam and with all cylinders steam-jacketed to minimize heat loss by condensation and radiation. War conditions delayed extended testing until 1948–52. Meanwhile Chapelon had, by rebuilding, produced in 1946 a high-powered, three-cylinder, compound 4–8–4 intended as a stage in development of a proposed range of powerful and thermally efficient steam locomotives for the postwar SNCF: a high-speed 4–6–4 in this range was to run at sustained speeds of 125 mph (200 km/h). However, plans for improved steam locomotives were then overtaken in France by electriflcation and dieselization, though the performance of the 4–8–4, which produced 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) at the drawbar for the first time in Europe, prompted modification of electric locomotives, already on order, to increase their power.Chapelon retired from the SNCF in 1953, but continued to act as a consultant. His principles were incorporated into steam locomotives built in France for export to South America, and even after the energy crisis of 1973 he was consulted on projects to build improved, high-powered steam locomotives for countries with reserves of cheap coal. The eventual fall in oil prices brought these to an end.[br]Bibliography1938, La Locomotive à vapeur, Paris: J.B.Bailière (a comprehensive summary of contemporary knowledge of every function of the locomotive).Further ReadingH.C.B.Rogers, 1972, Chapelon, Genius of French Steam, Shepperton: Ian Allan.1986, "André Chapelon, locomotive engineer: a survey of his work", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 58 (a symposium on Chapelon's work).Obituary, 1978, Railway Engineer (September/October) (makes reference to the technical significance of Chapelon's work).PJGR
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